Schema
Metacognition
Cognitive bias
Confirmation bias
Attribution bias
Dunning-Kruger effect
Mental rigidity
Cognitive flexibility
Fallacy
Reductionism
Survivorship bias
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Emotional intelligence
Communication barriers
Linguistic relativity
Willful ignorance
Catharsis
Schemas are mental structures that represent a person's knowledge or ideas which help them with
perception and interpretation of things.
While schemas help reduce the time it takes to interpret something, they can also limit one's
ability to understand something novel or influence their perception of it. Types of schemas include
self schema, object
schema, person schema, event schema.
Learn more at
verywellmind.com
&
simplypsychology.org
Metacognition is the awareness or analysis of one's own learning or thinking processes, often
involving
regulation of the processes. This helps one learn better and come up with effective solutions to
problems.
Learn more at
wikipedia.org
&
cambridge-community.org.uk
Cognitive dissonance is a mental state in which there is a difference between one's experiences or
behaviour and one's
beliefs about what is true.
Cognitive dissonance creates a motivational drive in a person to reduce
the dissonance (similar to hunger). An individual is likely to reduce cognitive dissonance in one or
multiple ways- (1) accept new information and change
one's attitude or behaviour; (2) reject evidence and look for information to attempt to justify
inconsistency in one's behaviour; (3) trivialise the dissonant behaviour or the importance of the
attitude.
Learn more at
verywellmind.com
&
simplypsychology.org
Cognitive bias refers to deviation from rationality in judgement. Types of cognitive biases include
confirmation bias, attribution bias, dunning-kruger effect, etc.
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verywellmind.com
&
simplypsychology.org
Confirmation bias is the tendency to gather and favor evidence that confirms one's preexisting
expectations while
dismissing or failing to seek contradictory evidence.
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verywellmind.com
&
simplypsychology.org
Attribution bias refers to inaccurate assumptions and faulty judgements of other people and their
behaviour. It is based on attribution theory which focuses on identifying how an observer
creates a causal explanation for events.
Learn more at
verywellmind.com
&
wikipedia.org
Dunning-Kruger effect refers to the tendency of people with low ability or expertise regarding
something overestimating their own ability or knowledge.
Learn more at
verywellmind.com
&
psychologytoday.com
Mental rigidity is the inability to appreciate or entertain a new perspective. It can also refer to
the
inability to modify schemas once they are formed; and completing tasks in only one manner despite
more effective alternatives being available.
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wikipedia.org
&
psychologytoday.com
Cognitive flexibility refers to one's ability to adopt or shift between perspectives, adapt to one's
environment, solve problems creatively. Cognitive flexibility can be improved by learning new
skills, pursuing challenges and new experiences, breaking out of routines, meeting people with
different cultures and ideas, meditation and reflection, etc.
Learn more at
opencolleges.edu.au
&
psychologytoday.com
A fallacy refers to invalid or faulty reasoning in an argument. Some of the
examples include straw man, ad hominem, a priori, fallacy fallacy, appeal to probability,
reductionism, etc.
Learn more at
iep.utm.edu
&
plato.stanford.edu
Reductionism is the oversimplification of something complex. It also refers to the assumption that
there is only a single, simple cause
of an outcome when in fact, there may have been many causes.
Learn more at
thoughtco.com
&
encyclopedia.uia.org
Survivorship bias is the tendency to focus on entities that have passed through some selection
process and ignoring those that did not. This leads to the formation of incorrect judgements and
conclusions due to the bias in selection.
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wikipedia.org
&
bbc.com
Self-fulfilling prophecy refers to a prediction that causes itself to become true
as a result of the expectation that it would come true. If a person thinks
something will happen, they may consciously or unconsciously make it happen through their actions or
inaction.
For example, if a teacher believes that a student is unlikely to achieve great things
in life, the teacher may reduce their effort in guiding the student since it would save the
teacher's time and energy. This causes the prediction to come true as the student would be ignored
or misguided.
Learn more at
verywellmind.com
&
simplypsychology.org
Emotional Intelligence is the ability to understand and regulate one's own feelings, and understand
others' feelings and behave accordingly to avoid or solve problems. It is possible to improve one's
own emotional intelligence through reflection, meditation, etc.
Learn more at
verywellmind.com
&
psychologytoday.com
Communication barriers are factors that prevent an idea from being effectively shared between the
speaker and the listener.
Communication barriers can be categorised into linguistic barriers, psychological barriers, physical
barriers, socio-cultural barriers, technological barriers, etc.
Examples for communication barriers include lack of open mindedness, lack
of good mental health, cultural differences, misinterpretation, distance between the speaker and the
listener, etc.
Learn more at
open.lib.umn.edu
&
vedantu.com
Linguistic Relativity is a principle that suggests that the languages a person knows can
influence their attention, perception, and decisions. People who speak multiple languages can
perceive the world in more ways than those who speak one language. The ability to switch between
mindsets can be resourceful for problem solving.
Learn more at
psychologytoday.com
&
icjs.us
Willful ignorance is the deliberate attempt at avoiding or rejecting information or
evidence that contradicts one's preconceived notions. Though this helps protect
one's own emotional state, it can be harmful in many ways.
Learn more at
psychologytoday.com
&
psychologytoday.com
Catharsis is an emotional release linked to relieving unconscious conflicts and intense
emotions built over time. The purification or purgation of emotions is done primarily through the
creation or viewing of art. Greek tragedies are a prime example. Other methods include
exercising, journaling, psychodrama, talking with a friend.
Learn more at
verywellmind.com
&
britannica.com
Updated on 31 January 2023